Record-breaking fires over the past decade suggest the western U.S. has entered a new era of megafires.
Fire itself is not the problem – it has been characteristic of the North American West for millennia. The problem is when fires, fueled by dry and overgrown forests, grow into giant blazes that move fast, fill the skies with smoke, and threaten homes and cities.
These are fires like 2020’s Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Pine Gulch blazes that each broke the record for Colorado’s largest fire. They are fast fires, like the Camp Fire that destroyed Paradise, California, in 2018, killing 85 people – at one point, it was burning the equivalent of one football field per second. They are fires that produce massive amounts of smoke that can kill thousands of people prematurely and contribute to climate change.
Three things in particular have increased the likelihood that megafires will occur: Warmer, drier conditions have turned trees, shrubs and grasses into dry fuel. A century of suppressing almost every fire has left more fuel to burn. And cities and homes encroaching on wildlands put more people in harm’s way and introduce ignition sources.
With almost the entire western U.S. in drought this year, portending another dangerous fire season ahead, my colleagues and I brought some of the top fire technology innovators together with fire managers, politicians and academics to brainstorm solutions at the Caltech Keck Institute for Space Studies. The group included representatives from major data providers like Google and Planet; fire tracking companies like Fireball; wildfire analysis system creators like Tecnosylva and Intterra; and satellite projects like Canada’s WildFireSat and FireSat. Also included were NOAA’s Smoke Hazard Mapping; the National Weather Service; fire managers from U.S. Fire Service and CalFire; and many others.
Together, these technology and fire experts converged on four key recommendations for managing the megafire threat, starting with better coordination and leveraging of technology for detecting and tracking the fires that matter.
1) Better, more accessible fire technology
Technology exists today that can detect fires within five minutes of when they start. For example, the Australia-based company Fireball International’s satellites detected the 2019 Kincade Fire in California wine country 66 seconds after it started, and the fire was verified within three minutes by the ALERT wildfire system, a network of cameras and sensors coordinated by three universities.
NASA’s satellites and high-altitude aircraft can monitor thermal signatures of fires and gauge the amount of available fuel.
The National Interagency Fire Centre coordinates drones that collect more infrared fire data and images closer to the ground. And the CALFIRE-Tecnosylva Wildfire Analyst Enterprise integrates data from these sources, classified government sources and the GPS of firefighters on the ground to create simulations for real-time decision-making.
Not everyone has easy access to that data, though. Free, accurate data about where and how fires are moving, with a single data clearinghouse, would allow local governments and companies to tailor technology to community-specific needs, such as evacuation planning and better zoning to minimise fire damage.
Investing in additional satellite coverage and other sensors would also enhance detection and tracking capabilities. The scientific and technological frontier is in improving the accuracy and use of this information to identify and direct resources to high-risk fires instead of suppressing all fires.
2) Coordinating everyone and sharing data
To detect and track fires that matter, the U.S. would benefit from a single vision across federal agencies and an authoritative body with the explicit responsibility for coordinating efforts from research to operations. Currently, outside of a satellite coordinating committee, each agency primarily focuses on its research interests, which may not align with informing decision-making.
With a national strategy, the government could invest in research that pulls together many of the agencies involved in research, planning and response. The Departments of Agriculture and Interior, NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Institutes of Health, the Defence Department, the Space Development Agency and others are all involved in research that could benefit fire management efforts.
With better coordination, research can inform decision-making that prioritizes those fires that pose the greatest threat to human lives, health, infrastructure, climate and ecosystem services such as clean water and air, timber and biodiversity.
3) Funding, with a role for private companies
Funding to promote innovation by the private sector for public benefit is also essential. There are few mechanisms currently in place to establish a sustainable business model based on the actual costs of fires, which would enable the estimation of the value of the services provided. The public sector can offer custom solutions to local communities. New and augmented systems can help front-line firefighters detect and track fires, as well as identify those that are likely to be the most significant. These systems were once the province of governments, but can now be built through public-private partnerships, such as those pioneered by NASA.
4) Building resilient communities
A fourth recommendation is to support local solutions that can prepare communities and help them build resilience to future fires. That begins with proactive planning, including improved building codes and zoning regulations.
Infrastructure improvements, such as grid updates, can help reduce the number of fires sparked by power lines. Networked microgrids powered by clean energy, such as local wind and solar sources with battery storage, can help avoid the need to transport energy over long distances. They also cut greenhouse gases that drive global warming and extend the fire season.
Finally, resilience planning involves collaborating with tribal nations to foster a healthy relationship with fire. The state of California is setting an example with a billion-dollar investment aimed at increasing community fire resilience.
This is a critical time to redefine our nation’s relationship with fire and build resilience in areas prone to fire. If 2020 taught us anything, it is that now is the time for change.
by Natasha Stavros
Director of the Earth Lab Analytics Hub, University of Colorado Boulder
8 June 2021
